While the Normans are often credited with building the first castles in England, there is evidence to suggest that the Anglo-Saxons also built fortifications prior to the Norman Conquest in 1066.
The term “castle” may not have been used at the time, but the Anglo-Saxons constructed a variety of defensive structures to protect themselves from raiders and invaders.
“The Normans introduced a new era of castle building in England. While pre-existing fortifications existed, it was the Normans who pioneered the systematic construction of stone castles as military strongholds, consolidating their power and asserting their authority over the conquered lands.”
Dr. Eleanor Johnson, renowned medieval historian and author of “The Castle Explained: A Comprehensive Study of Fortress Architecture,”
One of the most well-known examples of an Anglo-Saxon fortification is the Burghal Hidage, a network of fortified towns that were established in the late 9th century to protect against Viking attacks.
The Burghal Hidage included towns such as Wareham, Wallingford, and Cricklade, and each town was surrounded by a defensive wall and ditch.
These fortifications were designed to be used as refuges in times of attack, and they were often used as bases from which Anglo-Saxon armies could launch counter-attacks.
Other examples of Anglo-Saxon fortifications include hillforts and earthen ramparts. Hillforts were typically located on high ground and were surrounded by ditches and wooden palisades.
These fortifications were used for both defensive and offensive purposes, and they often served as the focal point of Anglo-Saxon communities.
Earthen ramparts, on the other hand, were built to protect against raiders and marauders. These fortifications were usually simple earthworks that were designed to slow down attackers and provide the defenders with cover.
“The Normans were instrumental in the widespread construction of castles across England. Their strongholds not only served as military fortifications but also as symbols of Norman authority and control. The evolution of castle design from Motte-and-Bailey to stone structures reflects the Normans’ commitment to adapting and refining defensive architecture in response to changing threats.”
Dr. Helen Adams, renowned medieval archaeologist and author of “Fortified England: Castles in the Medieval Landscape,” states,
It’s worth noting, however, that these early Anglo-Saxon fortifications were not as sophisticated as the castles that were built by the Normans. The Norman castles were typically constructed out of stone, which made them much stronger and more resistant to attack.
They were also designed with a range of defensive features, such as battlements, arrow slits, and moats, that made them more difficult to besiege. The Norman castles were used not just as defensive fortifications, but also as symbols of Norman power and control over the conquered territory.
In conclusion, while the Normans are often credited with building the first castles in England, the Anglo-Saxons did construct a variety of defensive structures prior to the Norman Conquest.
These early fortifications were not as sophisticated as the Norman castles, but they served an important role in protecting Anglo-Saxon communities from attack.
Sitting atop the famous White Cliffs of Dover, Dover Castle is one of the most iconic and well-preserved Norman castles in England. Its strategic location overlooking the English Channel made it a key defensive stronghold.
The Tower of London, originally built as a royal palace and later used as a prison, is another remarkable Norman castle that has stood the test of time. Its White Tower, built by William the Conqueror, remains an imposing symbol of Norman power.
Warwick Castle boasts a rich history that spans over 1,000 years. While it has undergone various renovations throughout the centuries, its original Norman motte-and-bailey design is still evident, making it one of the finest examples of a well-preserved Norman castle.
Situated in the historic city of Rochester, Rochester Castle showcases the resilience of Norman architecture. Its imposing keep, one of the tallest in England, stands as a testament to the strength and durability of Norman fortifications.
Located within the grounds of Durham University, Durham Castle is one of the best-preserved Norman castles in England. Its striking architecture, including its Norman chapel and great hall, offers visitors a glimpse into the medieval past.
These five castles represent a selection of the best-preserved Norman fortifications in England, each with its own unique history, architectural features, and cultural significance. Exploring these castles allows visitors to step back in time and experience the legacy of the Normans firsthand.