The Hundred Years’ War was a defining series of medieval conflicts between England and France, spanning from 1337 to 1453. This prolonged struggle shaped the course of European history, marked by epic battles, legendary commanders, and deep political rivalries. In this guide, we explore the key moments, major causes, and decisive turning points that made the Hundred Years’ War one of the most significant military conflicts of the Middle Ages.
Despite its name, this war endured for over a century, featuring a series of pivotal moments and battles that reshaped the course of European history.
In this article, we will explore some of the key moments and decisive battles that defined the Hundred Years’ War.
1. Outbreak of War (1337)
The conflict began when King Edward III of England claimed the French throne, which he believed was rightfully his through his mother, Isabella, the daughter of the previous French king. This led to the initial hostilities and the beginning of the Hundred Years’ War.
2. Battle of Crécy (1346)
One of the first major battles of the war, Crécy was a significant English victory. It showcased the effectiveness of the English longbow, which inflicted heavy casualties on the French. This battle set the stage for the English conquest of France.
3. Black Death and Truce (1347-1355)
The Black Death ravaged both England and France, leading to a temporary truce. The pause allowed both sides to recover and replenish their forces.
4. Battle of Poitiers (1356)
In this battle, the English, led by Edward, the Black Prince, defeated the French forces and captured King John II of France. This battle further weakened the French monarchy’s position.
5. Treaty of Bretigny-Calais (1360)
This treaty ended the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War, with substantial territorial concessions by France to England. Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne in return for control over significant French territories.
6. Re-emergence of Hostilities (1369)
Conflict resumed in the late 1360s due to disputes over the terms of the Treaty of Bretigny-Calais and the French desire to regain territory.
7. Siege of Orléans (1428-1429)
The siege of Orléans marked a turning point in the war. The French forces, inspired by Joan of Arc, successfully lifted the siege and began a series of French victories.
8. Battle of Patay (1429)
At Patay, the French army, led by Joan of Arc, routed the English forces. This battle is often considered the beginning of the end for English dominance in the war.
9. Treaty of Arras (1435)
This treaty saw Burgundy switching sides to support the French, further weakening the English position. The war now transformed into a struggle for the last remaining English possessions in France.
10. Battle of Castillon (1453)
The Hundred Years’ War concluded with the Battle of Castillon. The French, using cannon and artillery effectively, defeated the English forces, effectively ending English territorial ambitions in France.
The Hundred Years’ War was a complex and lengthy conflict with numerous significant moments and battles. It ultimately reshaped the map of Europe, marked the end of feudal warfare, and had profound consequences for both England and France.
The war’s legacy continues to be felt in the annals of history and remains a testament to the enduring human spirit during times of prolonged conflict.
What was the Hundred Years’ War?
The Hundred Years’ War was a prolonged series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453. It was fought over claims to the French throne and territorial disputes, involving major medieval battles, political intrigue, and shifting alliances.
What were the main causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
The war was caused by a mix of dynastic claims, especially the English claim to the French crown, disputes over land ownership in France, and economic tensions such as control of Flanders’ wool trade. It was also fueled by growing national identity in both kingdoms.
What were the most important battles of the Hundred Years’ War?
Key battles include:
Battle of Crécy (1346)
Battle of Poitiers (1356)
Battle of Agincourt (1415)
Siege of Orléans (1428–1429)
These battles were turning points in the military history of medieval Europe.
Who were the key figures in the Hundred Years’ War?
Notable figures include:
Edward III and Henry V of England
Joan of Arc, who inspired the French resurgence
Charles VII of France
These leaders played crucial roles in shaping the course and outcome of the war.
What impact did the Hundred Years’ War have on medieval Europe?
The war contributed to the decline of feudalism, rise of national monarchies, and advancements in military tactics and weaponry (e.g., longbows and cannons). It also marked the beginning of a more centralized France and the early decline of English claims on continental land.
How did the Hundred Years’ War end?
The war ended in 1453 with the French victory at the Battle of Castillon, which marked the end of English territorial claims in France (except Calais). It concluded with the strengthening of the French crown and a weakened England entering the Wars of the Roses.
