Shields Through Time: The Evolution of Medieval Shields from Anglo-Saxon to Late Medieval Period

Shields played a pivotal role in medieval warfare, providing crucial protection on the battlefield. Throughout the Middle Ages, shields evolved in design, materials, and functionality.


Medieval Shield Designs

“Shields in the medieval period were more than mere defensive tools; they were an extension of the warrior’s identity, displaying heraldry and serving as a canvas for the artistry of the time.”

Tobias Capwell, Curator of Arms and Armor at The Wallace Collection and leading authority on medieval weaponry.

From the earliest Anglo-Saxon shields to the advanced shields of the late medieval period, this article traces the timeline and evolution of medieval shields, highlighting their benefits and how they were used in battle.


1. The Anglo-Saxon Shield

The Anglo-Saxon shield, widely used during the early medieval period from the 5th to the 11th centuries, was a round shield commonly constructed from wood and reinforced with a metal rim, the shield’s circular shape provided excellent defense against incoming attacks.

It featured a central boss made of metal, serving to protect the hand while gripping the shield. Typically held by a handle on the back, the Anglo-Saxon buckler shield allowed for ease of maneuverability and versatility in battle, making it a crucial defensive tool for warriors during this period.

Anglo Saxon Warfare
Anglo Saxon Shield Wall Formation

2. The Viking Shield

The Viking shield, also known as a “round shield,” shared similarities with the Anglo-Saxon shield. It had a circular shape and was made from wood, typically reinforced with a metal boss (central knob) and rim.

The Viking shield was designed for both offense and defense, providing protection while also serving as a tool for bashing opponents. Its lightweight nature facilitated agility and allowed Vikings to fight effectively in close-quarters combat.

warriors-vikings-are-fighting-during-attack-winter-time

3. The Norman Kite Shield

Introduced in the 11th century, the Norman kite shield featured a distinct shape resembling an elongated triangle. It was constructed from wood covered with leather or cloth and featured a metal rim and boss.

The kite shield offered increased protection, covering a larger portion of the body. Its tapered design allowed for better protection of the legs and facilitated mounted combat, as it fit closely to the rider’s body.

Norman Knight Kite Shield
Norman Knight

4. The Heater Shield

The heater shield emerged in the 13th century and became popular throughout Europe. Its name derived from its resemblance to a flat-bottomed iron used for heating. The heater shield had a distinctive convex shape, tapering towards the bottom.

It provided excellent protection for the torso and legs, and its design allowed for better maneuverability in tight spaces. The shield was often decorated with heraldic symbols, demonstrating the knight’s identity and allegiance.

Knights Heater Shield

5. The Pavise Shield

The pavise shield was a large, rectangular shield used primarily by crossbowmen and archers. It was designed to provide mobile cover during sieges and ranged combat. The pavise shield could be set on the ground or propped up with a supporting stand, allowing archers to take cover and reload safely. Its size and sturdy construction offered significant protection from incoming projectiles.

Pavise Shield

6. The Gothic Shield

The Gothic shield, prevalent during the 14th and 15th centuries, featured an elongated and narrow shape, tapering towards the top. It was constructed from wood covered with layers of linen, canvas, or leather, and often reinforced with metal fittings.

The Gothic shield offered protection to the wielder’s upper body while providing a narrower profile for better visibility and maneuverability. It was commonly used by knights and men-at-arms.

Shield Parts

“The sword was the ultimate symbol of medieval knighthood, representing honor, chivalry, and prowess on the battlefield.”

Richard Kaeuper, American historian and expert in medieval chivalry and warfare.

The evolution of medieval shields, from the earliest Anglo-Saxon shields to the advanced shields of the late medieval period, mirrored the changing nature of warfare. As battles evolved, shields adapted to provide improved protection, better mobility, and enhanced offensive capabilities.

Each shield design offered specific advantages, whether it was the agility of the Anglo-Saxon shield, the defensive coverage of the kite shield, or the projectile protection of the pavise shield.

These shields were essential tools on the battlefield, providing knights, warriors, and archers with a vital layer of defense and contributing to the tactics and strategies employed during medieval warfare.


Medieval Shields Evolution | Great Books

Medieval shields have played a significant role in the history of warfare and are fascinating objects of study. Here are five good books that delve into the subject of medieval shields

“The Medieval Armourer and His Craft: From Craftsmanship to Warfare in Medieval Europe” by Alan Williams
While this book covers various aspects of medieval armor, it provides valuable insights into the crafting and usage of medieval shields. Alan Williams, a respected arms and armor expert, offers a comprehensive view of the medieval armorers’ work and the evolution of shields during this period.

“The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period” by Alan Williams
Another book by Alan Williams, this work explores the metallurgy of armor, including shields. It delves into the materials and techniques used to create shields, shedding light on the technological advancements in medieval armor production.

“Shields and Shelters of the Roman Army” by M.C. Bishop
Though not entirely focused on medieval shields, this book provides valuable context on the development of shields throughout history. It offers an in-depth study of Roman shields and their influence on medieval shield design and tactics.

“European Weapons and Armour: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution” by Ewart Oakeshott
While covering a broader range of arms and armor, this book authored by Ewart Oakeshott, an expert on medieval weapons, includes sections on medieval shields. It offers detailed analysis and illustrations of various types of shields used during the medieval period.

“Shields in the Medieval Battlefield” by Simon Turchetti
This book focuses specifically on medieval battlefield shields and their role in warfare. Simon Turchetti, a specialist in medieval military history, examines the practicality, design, and effectiveness of shields during battles.

These books provide an in-depth understanding of medieval shields, their design, use in combat, and their significance in the context of medieval warfare and society. Whether you are a historian, a reenactor, or simply an enthusiast, these works will offer valuable insights into this essential aspect of medieval military equipment.